Data Mining, também conhecido por Mineração de Dados, é o processo de explorar grandes quantidades de dados a partir de padrões. Essa grande quantidade de dados é armazenada e chamada de Big Data. Além disso, o big data é um dos pilares da indústria 4.0, portanto o data mining está diretamente relacionado com a revolução que acontece nas indústrias hoje.
As indústrias hoje possuem uma coleta constante de dados em todos os seus processos. Isso se dá a partir dos sensores localizados estrategicamente nas plantas industriais. E com essa quantidade gigante de informações, é preciso realizar o que chamamos de data mining para chegar a insights que sejam valiosos.
Portanto, é possível afirmar que o data mining é um processo de técnicas e ferramentas que gera aprendizagem. Através do uso de algoritmos, há possibilidade de exportar dados, e evidenciar padrões. E é a partir destes padrões que as descobertas acontecem.
Para entender tudo isso em mais detalhes, neste artigo explicaremos os conceitos de Big Data e Data Mining. Além disso, você entenderá um breve histórico do termo. Para finalizar, abordamos as etapas do processo de data mining e aplicações nas indústrias hoje.
Introdução ao conceito de Big Data
O Big Data é uma aplicação capaz de armazenar e tratar um grande volume de dados de diversas fontes. No dia a dia, essas fontes são as redes sociais, sites, vídeos e cliques em geral. Nas indústrias, os diversos sensores em máquinas e processos são a fonte dos dados.
E no caso das indústrias, as proporções dos dados coletados é enorme. Afinal, pense em fábricas de processo contínuo que não param sua produção, por exemplo. A cada momento que um movimento é executado pelas máquinas, dados estão sendo coletados. Para armazenar tudo isso é preciso realmente de uma ferramenta poderosa como o Big Data.
Dentro da indústria 4.0, os dados se tornam grandes aliados dos gestores de plantas industriais. Afinal, é a partir dos dados crus e do data mining que é possível gerar ideias e tomar decisões ágeis.
Contextualizando um pouco melhor, o Big Data é um termo atual. Ele surgiu no ano 2000 para suprir a demanda de armazenamento de dados. Aliás, foi nesse período que a expansão da tecnologia, internet e ambientes virtuais tomaram proporções grandiosas. E desde então o alcance da tecnologia só aumenta, e como consequência a captura de dados também.
A fim de que sejam utilizados de forma estratégica pelas empresas, há uma necessidade constante de análise e compreensão desses dados. O conhecimento escondido nesse conglomerado de informação é muito grande.
Conceito de Data Mining
Em poucas palavras, Data Mining se trata de um processo analítico com o objetivo de explorar grandes quantidades de dados. É uma tecnologia utilizada nas mais diversas áreas, sempre na busca por padrões.
De forma geral, as ferramentas de data mining são baseadas em algoritmos. Estes realizam a construção de blocos de inteligência artificial, redes neurais, regras de indução e lógica de predicados.
Assim como existem técnicas, também são utilizadas algumas etapas no data mining. O processo começa com a exploração, para depois seguir para a construção do modelo ou definição de padrão. Com isso feito, é então possível realizar a validação ou verificação das informações coletadas.
A grande vantagem do data mining é que o próprio sistema busca por anomalias e possíveis relações entre os dados. Dessa forma, a busca se torna muito mais efetiva e focada em solução de problemas.
Assim, os resultados encontrados são oportunidade mais competitivas de negócios, descobertas ou até inovações. Com isso, empresas alcançam o crescimento que desejam, utilizando os dados que elas mesmas coletaram.
Histórico do termo
Ainda que data mining seja uma tecnologia em constante evolução, sua história é ainda recente. O termo foi introduzido nos anos 90, porém desde então tem se desenvolvido muito.
Junto com o conceito de data mining, é preciso citar também o data warehouse. Diferente do Big Data, onde os dados não estão estruturados para uma análise direta, no data warehouse essa estruturação existe. E é a partir desta estruturação que os sistemas de data mining conseguem realizar o seu trabalho.
Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de todas essas tecnologias tem acontecido constantemente. E quem se beneficia com isso são as empresas e indústrias que as usam.
Principais etapas do processo
Para um processo de data mining acontecer de forma positiva e gerar os insights esperados, existem algumas etapas que precisam acontecer.
Definição do problema
Antes de começar o processo de data mining, primeiro é preciso realizar a definição dos objetivos a serem alcançados. Além disso, determinar quais serão as fontes de dados utilizadas para a mineração.
Limpeza dos dados
A segunda etapa do data mining é literalmente fazer um limpeza dos dados para eliminar dados duplicados e redundantes. Isso é necessário pois há coleta de milhões de dados diariamente em uma indústria.
Portanto, é na limpeza dos dados que realiza-se uma seleção do que será utilizado conforme os objetivos definidos anteriormente.
Extração de padrões
Esta é a terceira etapa do data mining e também a execução real das diferentes técnicas de mineração de dados. A partir desta extração, será possível identificar os padrões e encontrar modelos para o crescimento da empresa.
Pós processamento
Assim como quando relatórios de produção são emitidos para os gestores, após a extração de padrões é preciso avaliar tudo o que foi descoberto.
Dessa forma, ao avaliar positivamente algum padrão, é possível que esse conhecimento sirva de apoio para tomadas de decisão.
Aplicações atuais
Como o data mining está presente na indústria 4.0, existem diversas áreas que utilizam essa ferramenta. Contudo, a mineração de dados também é bastante presente na vida cotidiana das pessoas. Abaixo mostramos diversas aplicações do data mining.
Varejo
Para ser cada vez mais assertivo quanto às campanhas promocionais, empresas do setor varejista utilizam data mining. O principal objetivo é determinar padrões de comportamento de seus clientes. Com isso, o empreendedor consegue entender o que dá resultado, para então investir mais nesse tipo de campanha.
Saúde
Em Taiwan, foi desenvolvido um processo de data mining para identificação de fraudes e abusos na área da saúde. O objetivo dessa aplicação é utilizar dados e casos clínicos para identificar padrões e comportamentos fraudulentos.
Outro trabalho desenvolvido na área da saúde, dessa vez nos Estados Unidos, também utiliza data mining. Nesse caso, a ideia é identificar padrões que possam desencadear infecções em hospitais.
Ainda que seja bastante utilizado no mundo inteiro, grandes empresas brasileiras utilizam o data mining também. São alguns exemplos: Caixa Econômica Federal, Banco do Brasil, Vale do Rio Doce, Petrobras e Dataprev.
Finanças
Em finanças, uma aplicação comum de data mining é a criação de modelos de classificação de clientes. Assim, é possível identificar padrões de pessoas que costumam realizar (ou não) pagamentos em dia. Então, depois de finalizado, o modelo é utilizado para uma avaliação preliminar antes de conceder crédito a novos clientes.
Energia
Em locais onde a incidência de chuva é escassa, sistemas de data mining podem ser utilizados para gerar modelos de previsão de demanda de energia.
Assim, é possível realizar planejamentos de consumo e distribuição de energia elétrica em diferentes regiões do país.
Indústria
Para finalizar, um exemplo da utilização das técnicas de data mining em indústrias é determinar os padrões de vendas durante um período de tempo.
Assim, gestores podem utilizar esse conhecimento para planejar a produção, ou buscar formas de aumentar os resultados em períodos de baixa receita com vendas.
Conclusão
Depois de ler este artigo, esperamos que a relação de Big Data, Data Mining e tudo isso na indústria 4.0 tenha ficado mais clara para você.
De fato, a todo momento dados são coletados em tudo o que fazemos, seja no celular, computador, dirigindo pelas ruas ou em processos produtivos dentro das indústrias.
Por isso, acredita-se que é possível extrair insights poderosos a partir dessa gigante coleta de informações.
A partir da utilização de técnicas de data mining na sua indústria, você verá que diversos benefícios são alcançados. Como mostramos nas aplicações que existem hoje, é possível fazer uma previsão das tendências do mercado e do comportamento dos consumidores.
Da mesma forma, a mineração de dados contribui na gestão de crises pois os ambientes produtivos estão sendo observados constantemente.
Com isso, análises mais precisas e um diferencial competitivo são alcançados por indústrias das mais diversas áreas.
Você utiliza data mining para extrair conhecimento de alta qualidade dos seus próprios dados de produção? Compartilhe a sua experiência nos comentários.
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